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The National Eisteddfod – a microcosm of Welsh Life

The National Eisteddfod – the biggest peripatetic cultural festival in Europe, is a culmination of 850 years of tradition celebrating the Welsh language and culture

Anna Roberts by Anna Roberts
11-08-2026 18:06 - Updated on 17-08-2026 19:00
in Arts & Culture
Reading Time: 13 mins read
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A man standing on a stage with 3 other men holding a ceremonial sword over his head.

image by National Eisteddfod. Used with permission

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 (Mae fersiwn Gymraeg yr erthygl hon yn dilyn y fersiwn Saesneg)

Stretching back 850 years to the Lord Rhys’ first eisteddfod, the National Eisteddfod is the culmination of the annual celebration of Welshness. It encompasses all the arts, science, culture, community and hope for the future. You do not have to be Welsh-speaking to enjoy the singing, music, dance and art.  This year the eisteddfod was held between 1-8 August at Llantwd (Llantood), quite close to the site of Arglwydd Rhys’ castle at Aberteifi (Cardigan).

Some regular visitors to the eisteddod never enter the pavilion to listen to the competitions or to watch the ceremonies. They come to meet old friends on the “maes” (the eisteddod field.) This year, wellingtons were not needed as the weather helped all to enjoy the maes in its varied offerings, including a stage for established and upcoming music acts, the “Tŷ Gwerin” with its folk culture offerings. and platforms for charities, political bodies and various lectures elsewhere. As always, the literary tent was the main attraction for many, but the Eisteddfod caters for all ages and tastes and youngsters enjoy their week of camping or caravanning before graduating to Maes B where older teenagers and young adults can congregate.

Giant puppets and multicoloured “druids’

This particular Eisteddfod, called Eisteddfod y Garreg Las (the Bluestone Eisteddfod, named after the characteristic stone found in this area) was notable in many respects and offered spectacles such as the parade of the huge puppets of Lord Rhys and his dog. On two mornings the  colourful Gorsedd met under the all-seeing scrutiny of morning sunshine (‘yn wyneb haul, llygad goleuni’). Where else would you see a parade of green, blue and white gowned individuals waiting to be initiated into the “Gorsedd”? Their ages and disciplines were varied and amongst them were prominent members of the Welsh media and Joe Allen of footballing legend. The main thrust of membership is to promote and uphold the Welsh language. Its key chant is one word ‘Heddwch’ (Peace) symbolised by the partial unsheathing of the huge sword carried by the strong ex rugby legend – Robbie McBryde. In an era of wars, there is something spine-chilling in the thrice repeated question of “A oes heddwch? (Is there peace) and the audience’s chant of “Heddwch’ in response. As always, the culmination is the singing of the Welsh National Anthem.

Eisteddfod Y Garreg Las 2025
image by National Eisteddfod. Used with permission

A similar Gorsedd ceremony is held in the main pavilion for the main literary prizes – a crown for poetry that is not in strict metre, the chair for a poem or poems in strict metre and “cynghanedd” (see Gerald Manley Hopkins for efforts to replicate this in English) and the prose medal. All three competitions this year were notable for the quality of entrants with more than the usual number placed in the first category and adjudicators spoilt for choice. There is also another prose competition with particular public appeal. There was, definitely, this year, an erudite nature to the winning entries in the Gorsedd attending ceremonies. Drama is not forgotten. It is the only literary discipline where co-working is allowed, and for the first time ever the medal was awarded to two friends, who worked together to produce what promises to be an interesting theatre experience in due course.

Y pafiliwn (the pavilion) as the focus point of the most significant ceremonies

Most of the more classical musical competitions are held in the main pavilion which, as expected, attracted many bands, choirs and individuals -ages ranging from 12 to the pensioner choir competition. This stage has been the springboard for such performers as Sir Bryn Terfel.

This year’s winner of the Learner’s medal was interesting, not only for all he has achieved but also because he was living in London when he felt the need to connect with his roots and learn the language of his ancestors.  

The science and technology medal was won this year by a professor at Swansea university. Originally from the Bluestone area, she has made a highly respected contribution to research and to communicating about science-related subjects through the medium of Welsh.

There is always a highly acclaimed pavilion displaying the best in Arts and Crafts and this year did not disappoint. To quote from a press release, “The Gold Medals in Fine Art and in Craft and Design have a long history in the world of visual arts in Wales, and to win is one of the most covetable accolades for Welsh artists.”

The occasional controversy!

Occasionally, in an event such as the Eisteddfod, the media is bound to concentrate on any controversial decisions or occurrences. There was a very unfortunate comment made by adjudicators in the Prose Medal competition that one entrant had offered an AI produced entry and that the future of creative writing in Wales was safe if this was what AI could offer! Later, a highly offended Welsh learner, who is a writer, stated that she had submitted this entry. An apology was issued but this left the adjudicators with egg on their faces and highlighted the need to be more careful with public comments! It also gave rise to a suggestion that in future a creative writing competition of equal standing, specifically for learners, could be introduced.

All entries are submitted under a pseudonym, but somehow it became public knowledge that a disgraced Welsh broadcaster had entered a work where he tried to explain the effect of his upbringing on his personality. Whether eisteddfod competitions are the right place to air grievances could be a topic for discussion but more to the point in this context is how this will affect future entries. The anonymity rule ensures the objectivity of the adjudicators’ awarding and ensures that people are happy to submit anonymous entries just to find out how far up the ladder of literary success they have managed to climb.

The Eisteddfod’s significance and looking towards the future

The Eisteddfod is an annual springboard for increased interest and involvement in the Welsh language and culture, and all are welcome regardless of whether they are Welsh speakers or not. It serves to enhance community life, but any area offering to host this huge festival faces a massive undertaking to find all the people it needs with sufficiently wide expertise and the drive to hold money-raising events of all sorts. Next year, it will be held on the Powys/Meirionnydd border, and a new archdruid will be in charge for the next three years. “Dylan” sounds very different from the soft dulcet tones of Mererid Hopwood, and his Bangor accent was very familiar to us Gogs! (People from North Wales).

It has just been announced that in 2028 the eisteddfod will be held in Cardiff. There are now more Welsh speakers, and probably learners, in Cardiff than in the bastion of the language in Gwynedd. It also has excellent venues where events can be held. Apparently it will not follow the example of the Urdd Eisteddfod a few years ago which was centred around Cardiff Bay.

(The English version of this article is above this Welsh version)

Yr Eisteddfod Genedlaethol – microcosm o fywyd Cymru

delwedd gan Eisteddfod Genedlaethol. Defnyddiwyd gyda chaniatâd

Gan ymestyn yn ôl 850 mlynedd i eisteddfod gyntaf yr Arglwydd Rhys, yr Eisteddfod Genedlaethol yw uchafbwynt y dathliad blynyddol o Gymreictod. Mae’n cwmpasu’r holl gelfyddydau, gwyddoniaeth, diwylliant, cymuned a gobaith am y dyfodol. Nid oes raid i chi fod yn siaradwr Cymraeg i fwynhau’r canu, cerddoriaeth, dawns a chelf. Eleni cynhaliwyd yr eisteddfod rhwng 1-8 o Awst yn Llantwd, yn eithaf agos at safle castell Arglwydd Rhys yn Aberteifi.

Nid yw rhai ymwelwyr rheolaidd â’r eisteddfod byth yn mynd i mewn i’r pafiliwn i wrando ar y cystadlaethau nac i wylio’r seremonïau. Maen nhw’n dod i gwrdd â hen ffrindiau ar y “maes”. Eleni, nid oedd angen welingtons gan fod y tywydd wedi helpu pawb i fwynhau’r maes gyda’i amrywiaeth o bethau, gan gynnwys llwyfan i berfformwyr cerddoriaeth sefydledig a rhai sy’n dod i’r amlwg, y “Tŷ Gwerin” gyda’i gynigion o ddiwylliant gwerin, a llwyfannau ar gyfer elusennau, cyrff gwleidyddol ac amrywiol ddarlithoedd mewn mannau eraill. Fel bob amser, y Babell Lên oedd y prif atyniad i lawer, ond mae’r eisteddfod yn darparu ar gyfer pob oed a chwaeth ac mae pobl ifanc yn mwynhau eu hwythnos o wersylla neu garafanio cyn graddio i Faes B lle gall pobl ifanc hŷn ac oedolion ifanc ymgynnull.

Pypedau enfawr a “derwyddon” amryliw

Roedd yr eisteddfod benodol hon, eisteddfod y Garreg Las (a enwyd ar ôl y garreg nodweddiadol a geir yn yr ardal hon) yn nodedig mewn sawl ffordd ac yn cynnig golygfeydd fel gorymdaith pypedau enfawr yr Arglwydd Rhys a’i gi. Ar ddau fore, cyfarfu’r Orsedd liwgar ‘yn wyneb haul, llygad goleuni’. Ble arall y byddech chi’n gweld gorymdaith o unigolion mewn gwisgoedd gwyrdd, glas a gwyn yn aros i gael eu derbyn i’r “Orsedd”? Roedd eu hoedrannau a’u disgyblaethau’n amrywiol ac yn eu plith roedd aelodau amlwg o’r cyfryngau Cymreig a Joe Allen o chwedl pêl-droed. Prif nod yr aelodaeth yw hyrwyddo a chynnal yr iaith Gymraeg. Ei chorws allweddol yw un gair, ‘Heddwch’ a nodweddir gan ddad-weini rhannol y cleddyf enfawr a gludir gan y cyn-chwaraewr rygbi cryf – Robbie McBryde. Mewn oes o ryfeloedd, mae naws ysbrydol yn y cwestiwn a ailadroddir deirgwaith “A oes heddwch?” a bloedd y gynulleidfa o “Heddwch” mewn ymateb. Fel bob amser, yr uchafbwynt yw canu Anthem Genedlaethol Cymru.

Eisteddfod Y Garreg Las 2025
delwedd gan Eisteddfod Genedlaethol. Defnyddiwyd gyda chaniatâd

Cynhelir seremoni tebyg  sy’n cynnwys yr Orsedd yn y pafiliwn ar gyfer y prif wobrau llenyddol – coron am farddoniaeth nad yw mewn mesur caeth, y gadair am gerdd neu gerddi mewn mesur caeth a “chynghanedd” (gweler Gerald Manley Hopkins am ymdrechion i efelychu hyn yn Saesneg) a’r fedal ryddiaith. Roedd pob un o’r tair cystadleuaeth eleni yn nodedig am ansawdd y cystadleuwyr gyda mwy na’r nifer arferol wedi’u gosod yn y categori cyntaf a’r beirniaid gyda gormod o ddewis. Mae yna hefyd gystadleuaeth ryddiaith arall gydag apêl gyhoeddus arbennig. Yn bendant, eleni, roedd naws academaidd i’r ceisiadau buddugol yn y seremonïau a fynychodd yr Orsedd. Nid anghofir drama. Dyma’r unig ddisgyblaeth lenyddol lle caniateir cydweithio, ac am y tro cyntaf erioed dyfarnwyd y fedal i ddwy ffrind, a weithiodd gyda’i gilydd i gynhyrchu’r hyn sy’n addo bod yn brofiad theatrig diddorol maes o law.

Y pafiliwn fel canolbwynt y seremonïau pwysicaf

Cynhelir y rhan fwyaf o’r cystadlaethau cerddoriaeth glasurol yn y prif bafiliwn a ddenodd, fel y disgwylid, lawer o fandiau, corau ac unigolion – o bob oedran o 12 i gystadleuaeth côr y pensiynwyr. Mae’r llwyfan hwn wedi bod yn fan cychwyn i berfformwyr fel Syr Bryn Terfel.

Roedd enillydd Medal y Dysgwr eleni yn ddiddorol ym mhopeth y mae wedi’i gyflawni, ond hefyd gan mai pan oedd yn byw yn Llundain y teimlodd yr angen i gysylltu â’i wreiddiau a dysgu iaith ei hynafiaid.

Enillwyd y fedal wyddoniaeth eleni  gan athro ym Mhrifysgol Abertawe. Yn wreiddiol o ardal y Garreg Las mae hi wedi gwneud cyfraniad uchel ei barch i ymchwil ac i gyfathrebu am bynciau sy’n gysylltiedig â gwyddoniaeth trwy gyfrwng y Gymraeg.

Mae pafiliwn arbennig bob amser i arddangos y gorau mewn Celf a Chrefft ac ni siomwyd ni eleni. I ddyfynnu  datganiad i’r wasg, “Mae gan y Medalau Aur mewn Celfyddyd Gain ac mewn Crefft a Dylunio hanes hir ym myd y celfyddydau gweledol yng Nghymru, ac mae ennill yn un o’r anrhydeddau mwyaf dymunol i artistiaid Cymru.”

Y ddadl achlysurol!

O bryd i’w gilydd, mewn digwyddiad fel yr Eisteddfod, mae’n rhaid i’r cyfryngau ganolbwyntio ar unrhyw benderfyniadau neu ddigwyddiadau dadleuol. Gwnaed sylw anffodus iawn gan feirniaid yng nghystadleuaeth y Fedal Ryddiaith fod un ymgeisydd wedi cynnig gwaith a gynhyrchwyd gan AI a bod dyfodol ysgrifennu creadigol yng Nghymru yn ddiogel os mai hyn yw beth y gall AI ei gynnig! Yn ddiweddarach, dywedodd dysgwraig sy’n awdur a oedd wedi’i thramgwyddo’n fawr mai hi oedd wedi cyflwyno’r cais hwn. Ymddiheurwyd ond teimlai hi’n flin efo’r beirniaid ac amlygodd hyn yr angen i fod yn fwy gofalus gyda sylwadau cyhoeddus! Arweiniodd hefyd at awgrym y gellid cyflwyno cystadleuaeth ysgrifennu creadigol o statws cyfartal, yn y dyfodol, yn benodol ar gyfer dysgwyr.

Cyflwynir pob cais o dan ffugenw, ond daeth yn hysbys i’r cyhoedd fod darlledwr o Gymro sydd wedi ei waradwyddo wedi cyflwyno gwaith lle ceisiodd egluro effaith ei fagwraeth ar ei bersonoliaeth. Gellir trafod a yw cystadlaethau eisteddfod yn lle iawn i fynegi cwynion  ond yn bwysicach yn y cyd-destun hwn yw sut y bydd hyn yn effeithio ar geisiadau yn y dyfodol. Mae’r rheol anhysbysrwydd yn sicrhau gwrthrychedd dyfarnu’r beirniaid ac yn sicrhau bod pobl yn hapus i gyflwyno ceisiadau dienw dim ond i ddarganfod pa mor bell i fyny’r ysgol llwyddiant llenyddol y maent wedi llwyddo i ddringo.

Arwyddocâd yr eisteddfod – ac edrych tua’r dyfodol

Mae’r eisteddfod yn fan cychwyn blynyddol ar gyfer mwy o ddiddordeb ac ymwneud â’r iaith a’r diwylliant Cymraeg, ac mae croeso i bawb p’un a ydynt yn siaradwyr Cymraeg ai peidio. Mae’n gwasanaethu i wella bywyd cymunedol, ond mae unrhyw ardal sy’n cynnig cynnal yr ŵyl enfawr hon yn wynebu y dasg enfawr i ddod o hyd i’r holl bobl sydd eu hangen arni gydag digon o arbenigedd  a hefyd ymgyrchwyr i gynnal digwyddiadau codi arian o bob math. Y flwyddyn nesaf, fe’i cynhelir ar y ffin  rhwng Powys a Meirionnydd, a bydd archdderwydd newydd yn gyfrifol am y tair blynedd nesaf. Mae llais “Dylan” yn swnio’n wahanol iawn i lais meddal, melys Mererid Hopwood, ac roedd ei acen o Fangor yn gyfarwydd iawn i ni’r Gogs!

Yn ôl cyhoeddiad a wnaed yn ddiweddar iawn, bydd yr eisteddfod yn cael ei chynnal yng Nghaerdydd yn 2028. Mae mwy o siaradwyr Cymraeg, ac yn ôl pob tebyg dysgwyr hefyd, yng Nghaerdydd erbyn hyn nag yng nghaer yr iaith yng Ngwynedd. Mae ganddi hefyd leoliadau rhagorol lle gellir cynnal digwyddiadau. A fydd yn dilyn esiampl eisteddfod yr Urdd ychydig flynyddoedd yn ôl a oedd wedi’i chanoli o amgylch Bae Caerdydd? Ymddengys nad dyma’r bwriad.


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Anna Roberts

Anna Roberts

Anna Roberts is a Welsh graduate and holds a master’s degree for her study of the Welsh dialect of Pwllheli, though her first love is literature. She is a former head of sixth form at a comprehensive school in Ynys Môn (Anglesey) and a retired teacher of Welsh and English. She has a keen interest in Welsh current affairs and, health permitting, loves travelling by train within Europe.

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